Introduction to Bridging and Switching

Bridges and switches operate principally at Layer 2 of the OSI reference model. As such, they are widely referred to as data-link layer devices. Bridges became commercially available in the early 1980s. At the time of their introduction, bridges connected and enabled packet forwarding between homogeneous networks. More recently, bridging between different networks also has been defined and… Read More »

How to Restrict External Internet Mail in Only One Mailbox

This article describes how to restrict Internet Mail from users by filtering messages in the Internet Mail Service connector. When you select this option, all internal users in the organization who use that Internet Mail Service Connector for Internet mail delivery are affected.

Better App.Path Function

App.Path returns a string with the “\” character at the end if the path is the root drive (e.g., “C:\”) but without that character if it isn’t (e.g., “C:\Program Files”). Most of the time we need the “\” at the end, so this function saves you the inconvenience of adding it every time.

What is the difference between running isinteg – fix and edbutil /d /r or eseutil /p?

First of all, edbutil /d /r (Exchange 4.0 and 5.0) or eseutil /p (Exchange 5.5) is strictly a last resort for repairing a database file: it fixes only low-level database corruption (bad pages). The isinteg -fix command works at the information store level, fixing objects, schemes, and other high-level data/structure problems. If for some reason you don’t have a backup to restore from or… Read More »

MTOOLS

Mtools is a public domain collection of tools to allow Unix systems to manipulate MS-DOS files: read, write, and move around files on an MS-DOS filesystem

Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model began as a reference model, but has since been implemented. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to provide a logical framework for how data communication processes should interact across networks. Standards were created for the computer industry allowing different networks to work together efficiently.